Population & Territory^v2.0

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How demographics and borders shifted — Ottoman Empire to present

1850

Ottoman Palestine

18501920194719561973199320072026

1850

Palestinian

Israeli

Ottoman Palestine 98% Palestinian

UN Digital Library — Map No. 3067 Rev.1 · B'Tselem — Conquer & Divide Interactive Map · OCHA oPt — Area C Map (2011) · Peace Now — Settlement Data 2024 · UN ISPAL — Water Resources Brief · Brookings — Gaza Marine Gas Field Study · Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics · Israel Central Bureau of Statistics · Walid Khalidi — All That Remains (1992) · Rashid Khalidi — The Hundred Years' War on Palestine (2020) · The Lancet — Gaza Mortality Survey (2024–2025) · OHCHR — Israeli Exploitation of Palestinian Resources (2019) · ICJ — Advisory Opinion on the Occupation (July 2024) · Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research — Gaza Study (2025)

28+ UNSC resolutions · 2 ICJ rulings against

Fourth Geneva Convention Violations

Transfer of civilian population into occupied territory (Art. 49)

Destruction of property not justified by military necessity (Art. 53)

Collective punishment of protected persons (Art. 33)

Wilful killing and inhumane treatment (Art. 147)

Unlawful deportation or transfer (Art. 147)

Extensive destruction of property not justified by military necessity (Art. 147)

ICJ Rulings

2004 Advisory Opinion on the Wall

2024 Advisory Opinion on the Occupation

Population & Territory^v2.0

Population Over Time

1850 · Ottoman Palestine

Population

International Law

Fourth Geneva Convention Violations

ICJ Rulings

Human Cost